Sigaba sekucala semboni yevalve (1949-1959)
01Hlela kusebentela kuvuseleleka kwemnotfo wavelonkhe .
Sikhatsi kusukela nga-1949 kuya ku-1952 kwaba sikhatsi sekuvuka kwemnotfo welive lami. Ngenca yetidzingo tekwakha temnotfo, lelive lidzinga ngekushesha linani lelikhulu leemavalvu, hhayi kuphela .Emavalvu lanemfutfo lophansi, kepha futsi nelicembu lemavalvu lanemfutfo lomkhulu nalosemkhatsini lebekangakhicitwa ngaleso sikhatsi. Indlela yekuhlela kukhicita emavalvu kuhlangabetana netidzingo letiphutfumako talelive ngumsebenti losindzako nalolukhuni.
1. Kucondzisa nekusekela umkhicito
Ngekuhambisana nenchubomgomo ye “kutfutfukisa umkhicito, kutfutfukisa umnotfo, kucabangela kokubili kwahulumende kanye nalokungasese, kanye nekuzuzisa kokubili tisebenti kanye nenhlokodolobha”, hulumende webantfu wemukela indlela yekucubungula neku-oda, futsi usekela ngamandla emabhizinisi langasese lasemkhatsini nalancane kutsi aphindze avulwe futsi akhicite emavalvu. Ngaphambi kwekusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yebantfu YaseShayina, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yagcina ivalile ibhizinisi yayo ngenca yetikweleti tayo letinkhulu futsi kute imakethe yemikhicito yayo, kwasala tisebenti letingu-7 kuphela kutsi tigadze lefemu, futsi yatsengisa emathulusi emishini langu-14 kute igcine tindleko. Ngemuva kwekusungulwa kwe New China, ngekusekelwa nguhulumende webantfu, lefemu yaphindze yacala kukhicita, futsi linani letisebenti ngalowo mnyaka lakhula kusuka ku 7 kuya ku 96 ngesikhatsi icala. Ngemuva kwaloko, lefemu yamukela kucubungula tintfo letivela eNkampanini Yemishini Ye-Shenyang Hardware, futsi umkhicito watsatsa kubukeka lokusha. Inani letisebenti lakhula laba ngu-329, ngekukhicita kwaminyaka yonkhe kwemasethi langu-610 emavalvu lehlukahlukene, ngenani lekukhicita le-830,000 yuan. Ngesikhatsi lesifanako eShanghai, hhayi kuphela emabhizinisi langasese labekakhicite emavalvu laphindze avulwa, kepha ngekuvuseleleka kwemnotfo wavelonkhe, linani lelikhulu lemabhizinisi lamancane langasese lavulwa noma ashintjela ekukhiciteni emavalvu, lokwenta inhlangano ye-Construction Hardware Association ngaleso sikhatsi yakhula ngekushesha.
2. Unified kutsenga kanye nekutsengisa, hlela valve umkhicito
Ngelinani lelikhulu lemabhizinisi langasese lagucukela ekukhiciteni kwemavalvu, iNhlangano Yekwakha Yekwakha yaseShanghai yekucala ayikhoni kuhlangabetana netidzingo tekutfutfukisa. Nga 1951, bakhiciti be valve base Shanghai basungula emabhizinisi langu 6 lahlanganyelwe kute bente imisebenti yekucubungula neku-oda yeSiteshi Sekuphakela Sekutsenga sase Shanghai seNkampani Yemishini Ye-Hardware yase China, futsi baphumelelise kutsenga nekutsengisa lokuhlangene. Sibonelo, iDaxin Iron Works, leyenta umsebenti wemavalvu lamakhulu lanemandla laphansi, kanye neYuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong naseLianggong Machinery Factory, leyenta kukhicita emavalvu lanemfutfo lomkhulu nalosemkhatsini, yonkhe isekelwa yiShanghai Masipala weMbuso waseMphumalanga Util I. Ngaphansi kwekucondziswa yi-Petroleum Administration yeLitiko Letimboni, ema-oda lacondzile ayaphunyelelwa, bese aphendukela ekucubunguleni ema-oda. Hulumende weBantfu usite emabhizinisi langasese kutsi ancobe bumatima ekukhiciteni nasekutsengiseni ngekusebentisa inchubomgomo lehlangene yekutsenga nekutsengisa, ekucaleni washintja kungabi nemandla kwemnotfo wemabhizinisi langasese, futsi wenta ncono umdlandla wekukhicita webanikati bemabhizinisi netisebenti, labasemuva kakhulu kutebucwepheshe, simo semishini kanye ne-Ucircd it, linani lelikhulu lemikhicito yemavalvu yemabhizinisi lamcoka lafana netikhungo temandla, tikhungo tensimbi kanye nemasimu e oyili kutsi kuphindze kucale kukhicita.
3. Intfutfuko yekubuyisela tinsita tekwakha umnotfo wavelonkhe .
Kuluhlelo lwekucala lweminyaka lesihlanu, umbuso ukhombe emaphrojekthi ekwakha lamcoka langu-156, lapho khona kubuyiselwa kweNsimu Yemafutsa YaseYumen kanye nekukhicita kweNkampani Yensimbi neNsimbi yase-Anshan kuyimiklamo lemibili lemikhulu. Kute kuphindze kucale kukhicita eYumen Oilfield ngekushesha, Lihhovisi Lekulawula Iphethiloli leLitiko Letimboni Tephethiloli lahlela kukhicita tincenye temishini yephethiloli eShanghai. Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Fekthri kanye nalabanye bente umsebenti wekulinga-kukhicita licembu lemavalvu ensimbi lasemkhatsini-umfutfo. Kuyacabangakala kutsi ucabange ngebumatima bekukhicita emavalvu lasemkhatsini-lakhicita ngekulinga ngemafemu lamancane lafana ne-workshop. Letinye tinhlobo tingalingiswa kuphela ngekuya kwemasampula laniketwa basebentisi, bese tintfo mbamba tiyahlolwa bese tibekwa emabalaveni. Njengoba lizinga lensimbi lephosiwe belingakalungi ngalokwenele, umtimba we valve yensimbi lephosiwe yekucala kwadzingeka kutsi ushintjwe ube ngema forgings. Ngaleso sikhatsi, bekute kufa kwekubhobola kwekucubungula imbobo le oblique yemtimba we globe valve, ngako bekungabhobolwa ngesandla kuphela, bese kulungiswa ngu fitter. Ngemuva kwekuncoba bumatima lobunyenti, sagcina sesiphumelele ekukhiciteni kwekulinga kwe-NPS3 / 8 ~ NPS2 emavalvu esango lensimbi lesemkhatsini-lomfutfo kanye nemavalvu emhlaba, lamukelwe kahle basebentisi. Ngesigamu sesibili sa 1952, iShanghai Yuanta, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iLianggong kanye nalamanye emafemu enta umsebenti wekukhicita kwekulinga kanye nekukhicita ngebunyenti emavalvu ensimbi laphosiwe ephethroliyamu. Ngaleso sikhatsi, Soviet imiklamo kanye nemazinga asetjentiswa, futsi bochwepheshe bafundza ngekwenta, futsi bancoba bumatima lobuningi ekukhiciteni. Kukhicitwa kwekulinga kwemavalvu ensimbi yaseShanghai kwahlelwa nguMnyango Wephethiloli, futsi kwaphindze kwatfola kubambisana kwemafemu lehlukahlukene eShanghai. Ifemu yase Asia (nyalo seyiyi Femu Yekulungisa Imishini yase Shanghai) yaniketa tintfo tensimbi lebetihlangabetana netidzingo, futsi iFemu ye Sifang Boiler yasita ekubhubhiseni. Lokuhlolwa kwagcina kuphumelele ekukhiciteni kwekulinga kwe prototype ye valve yensimbi lephosiwe, futsi ngekushesha kwahlela kukhicita ngebunyenti futsi kwakutfumela eYumen Oilfield kutsi kusetjentiswe ngesikhatsi. Ngesikhatsi lesifanako, imisebenti yensimbi yaseShenyang Chengfa kanye nemisebenti yensimbi yaseShanghai Daxin nayo yaniketa .emavalvu lanemfutfo lomncanengemasayizi lamakhulu labitwako etikhungweni temandla, iNkampani ye-Anshan Iron and Steel kutsi iphindze icale kukhicita kanye nekwakha emadolobheni.
Ngesikhatsi sekuvuseleleka kwemnotfo wavelonkhe, imboni yemavalvu eveni lami itfutfuke ngekushesha. Nga 1949, umphumela valve bekungu 387t kuphela, lekwakhuphuka kwaba 1015t nga 1952. Ngekwebuchwepheshe, sekukhonile kukhicita emavalvu ensimbi lephosiwe kanye nemavalvu lamakhulu laphansi-umfutfo, langagcini nje ngekuniketa emavalvu lahambisanako ekululameni kwemnotfo wesive, kepha futsi wabeka imboni lenhle yekutfutfukisa ivalve ye China.
02Imboni yemavalvu icalile .
Nga 1953, live lami lacala luhlelo lwalo lwekucala lweminyaka lesihlanu, futsi imikhakha yetimboni lefana nephethroliyamu, imboni yemakhemikhali, tinsimbi, emandla agezi kanye nemalahle konkhe kwasheshisa lizinga lekutfutfuka. Ngalesikhatsi, sidzingo emavalvu siyaphindvwe. Ngaleso sikhatsi, noma bekunelinani lelikhulu lemafemu lamancane langasese lakhicita emavalvu, emandla abo ebuchwepheshe abebutsakatsaka, imishini yabo beyiphelelwa sikhatsi, emafemu abo abelula, tikali tawo betincane kakhulu, futsi bekasakateke kakhulu. Kute kuhlangabetwe netidzingo tekutfutfuka ngekushesha kwemnotfo wavelonkhe, Litiko Lekucala Lemboni Yemishini (lelibitwa ngekutsi Litiko Lekucala Lemishini) liyachubeka nekuhlela kabusha nekugucula emabhizinisi langasese ekucala kanye nekwandzisa kukhicitwa kwemavalvu. Ngesikhatsi lesifanako, kunetinhlelo kanye netinyatselo tekwakha umgogodla kanye nemavalvu lakhiye. Enterprise, imboni yevalve yelive lami yacala kucala.
1. Kuhlelwa kabusha kwemboni yevalve yesibili eShanghai .
Ngemuva kwekusungulwa kweNew China, leLicembu lacala kusebentisa umtsetfomgomo “wekusebentisa, kuvimbela kanye nekugucula” imboni yebungcweti kanye netekutsengiselana.
Kwavela kutsi bekunemafemu lamancane langu-60 nobe langu-70 e-valve eShanghai. Lelikhulu kulamafemu belinebantfu labangu-20 kuya ku-30 kuphela, kantsi lelincane belinebantfu labambalwa kuphela. Noma lamafemu emavalvu akhicita emavalvu, tebuchwepheshe bawo kanye nekulawula kubuyela emuva kakhulu, imishini kanye netakhiwo temafemu kulula, futsi tindlela tekukhicita tilula. Labanye bane lathes yinye noma letimbili letilula noma emathulusi emishini yelibhande, futsi kunetitofu te crucible kuphela tekulahlwa, liningi lato lisebenta ngesandla. , ngaphandle kwemandla ekuklama kanye nemishini yekuhlola. Lesimo asikulungeli kukhicita kwesimanje, futsi asikhoni kuhlangabetana netidzingo tekukhicita letihlelelwe umbuso, futsi akunakwenteka kulawula lizinga lemikhicito yevalve. Kute kwentiwe loku, Hulumende weBantfu baMasipala waseShanghai sewusungule umsebenti lohlanganyelwe nebakhiciti bemavalvu eShanghai, futsi wasungula ema-Shanghai Pipeline Switches Nombolo 1, Nombolo 2, Nombolo 3, Nombolo 4, Nombolo 5, Nombolo 6 kanye nalamanye emabhizinisi lasemkhatsini. Kuhlanganisa loku lokungenhla, kulawulwa lokusemkhatsini ngekwebuchwepheshe kanye nelizinga, lokuhlanganisa ngemphumelelo kulawulwa lokusakatekile nalokunesiphitsiphitsi, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganisa kakhulu umdlandla welinyenti letisebenti tekwakha busoshiyali, loku kuhlelwa kabusha kwekucala lokukhulu kwemboni yevalve.
Ngemuva kwekubambisana kwahulumende netikhungo letitimele nga 1956, imboni yemavalvu eShanghai yenta kulungiswa kwesibili kanye nekuhlelwa kabusha kwetimboni ngesikali lesikhulu, futsi tinkampani tebungcweti letifana neShanghai Construction Hardware Company, Inkampani Yekukhicita Tincenye Temishini Yephethiloli kanye neNkampani Yemishini Jikelele yasungulwa. Lenkampani yevalve lebeyihlangene ekucaleni nemboni yetintfo tekwakha isungule i-Yuanda, i-Rongfa, i-Zhongxin, i-Weiye, i-Jinlong, i-Zhao Yongda, i-Tongxin, i-Fuchang, i-Wang Yingqi, i-Yunchang, i-Dehe, i-Jinfa, ne-Xie ngesifundza. Kukhona emafemu langaba ngu 20 lasemkhatsini eDalian, Yuchang, Deda, njll Ifektri ngayinye lesemkhatsini inemafemu lamanyenti e-satellite ngaphansi kwemandla ayo. Ligatja lelicembu kanye nenyunyana yetisebenti lehlangene lesesigabeni lesiphansi kwasungulwa kulesitjalo lesisemkhatsini. Hulumende wabeka bameleli bemmango kutsi bengamele umsebenti wekuphatsa, futsi ngekuhambisana wasungula tinhlangano tekukhicita, tekuniketa, kanye netebhizinisi letetimali, futsi kancane kancane wacala kusebentisa tindlela tekulawula letifana nemabhizinisi ahulumende. Ngesikhatsi lesifanako, indzawo yaseShenyang yaphindze yahlanganisa emafemu lamancane langu-21 abe yiChengfa .Ivalvu yeLisangoImboni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhatsi, umbuso uletse kukhicitwa kwemabhizinisi lamancane nalasemkhatsini emgceni wekuhlela wavelonkhe ngekusebentisa ema-ejensi ekuphatsa kuwo onkhe emazinga, futsi uhlele futsi wahlela kukhicitwa kwemavalvu. Lolu lushintjo ekuphatfweni kwekukhicita kwemabhizinisi emavalvu kusukela kwasungulwa iNew China.
2. Ifemu Yemishini Jikelele yaseShenyang ishintshele ekukhiciteni emavalvu
Ngesikhatsi lesifanako nekuhlelwa kabusha kwebakhiciti bevalvu eShanghai, Litiko Lemishini Yekucala lahlukanisa umkhicito wemikhicito yefemu ngayinye lehambisana ngco, futsi lacacisa sicondziso sekukhicita sebungcweti semafemu lahlangene ngalokucondzile kanye nemafemu lamakhulu endzawo laphethwe nguhulumende. Shenyang Jikelele Imishini Fekthri yaguculwa yaba ngumkhiciti valve ochwepheshe. libhizinisi. Lowo lowandulela lefemu bekulihhovisi lelikhulu lemabhizinisi enhlokodolobha yebuholi kanye nefemu yaseJapan ye-Dechang ye-pseudo-industri. Ngemuva kwekusungulwa kweNew China, lefemu ikakhulukati yakhicita emathulusi emishini leyehlukahlukene kanye nemalunga emaphayiphi. Nga-1953, yacala kukhicita imishini yekusebenta ngetigodvo. Nga 1954, ngesikhatsi ingaphansi kwekulawula ngco kwe First Bureau yeMnyango Wemishini, beyinetisebenti letingu 1,585 kanye nemasethi langu 147 emishini leyehlukahlukene kanye nemishini. Futsi inemandla ekukhicita insimbi lephosiwe, futsi emandla ebuchwepheshe acinile. Kusukela nga 1955, kute kuvumelane nekutfutfukiswa kweluhlelo lwavelonkhe, kucace kutsi kwashintjela ekukhiciteni emavalvu, kwakha kabusha imisebenti yekucala yekusebenta ngensimbi, kuhlangana, lithuluzi, kulungisa imishini kanye nekulahla insimbi, kwakha indzawo yekusebenta lensha ye-riveting kanye nekushisela, futsi kwasungulwa laboratory lesemkhatsini ye-verification s kanye ne-metrtation. Labanye bochwepheshe badluliselwa eFekthrini Yemaphampu aseShenyang. Nga 1956, 837t weEmavalvu lanemfutfo lophansikwakhicitwa, futsi kwacala kukhicitwa ngebunyenti kwemavalvu lanemfutfo lomkhulu nalosemkhatsini. Nga 1959, 4213t wema valve akhicitwa, kufaka ekhatsi 1291t wema valve lanemfutfo lomkhulu nalosemkhatsini. Nga 1962, yabitwa kabusha ngekutsi yi Shenyang High and Medium Valve Factory futsi yaba ngulelinye lemabhizinisi lamakhulu emgogodla embonini ye valve.
3. Umvuthwandaba wekucala wekukhicita emavalvu .
Emalangeni ekucala ekusungulwa kweNew China, kukhicita kwemavalvu eveni lami kwalungiswa kakhulu ngekubambisana kanye netimphi. Ngesikhatsi se “Great Leap Forward”, imboni yemavalvu eveni lami yahlangabetana nemvuthwandaba wayo wekucala wekukhicita. Umkhicito wevalve: 387t nga 1949, 8126t nga 1956, 49746t nga 1959, 128.5 tikhatsi ta 1949, kanye na 6.1 tikhatsi ta 1956 ngesikhatsi kubambisana kwahulumende-ngasese kwasungulwa. Kukhicitwa kwema valve lanemfutfo lomkhulu nalosemkhatsini kwacala ngemuva kwesikhatsi, futsi kukhicita ngebunyenti kwacala nga 1956, ngekukhicita ngemnyaka kwa 175t. Nga 1959, umkhicito wafika ku 1799t, lebewuphindvwe ka 10.3 kuna 1956. Kutfutfuka ngekushesha kwekwakha umnotfo wavelonkhe kukhutsate tinyatselo letinkhulu temboni ye valve. Nga 1955, iFekthri yeValve yase Shanghai Lianggong yaphumelela kulinga-kukhicita ivalve yesihlahla saKhisimusi se Yumen Oilfield; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa kanye naletinye timboni temshini letikhicitwa yinsimbi lefakwe ngekulinga, insimbi lefakwe emavalvu lasemkhatsini nalaphakeme kanye nekucindzeteleka lokubitwako kwemasimu emafutsa kanye netitjalo temanyolo Emavalvu emanyolo lanemfutfo lomkhulu we PN160 na PN320; Ifemu Yemishini Jikelele yaseShenyang kanye neFemu Yensimbi yaseSuzhou (leyandvulela iFemu Yemavalvu YaseSuzhou) yakhicita ngemphumelelo emavalvu lanemfutfo lomkhulu wekulinga efemini yemanyolo yeNhlangano Yemakhemikhali Yemakhemikhali yaseJilin; Shenyang Chengfa Iron Fekthri ngempumelelo kulinga-khicita valve esango kagesi ngesayizi lebitwako DN3000. Bekuyi valve lenkhulu futsi lesindzile kakhulu eChina ngaleso sikhatsi; Shenyang Jikelele Imishini Fekthri ngemphumelelo silingo-khiqizwa ultra-high ingcindezi emavalvu ngebukhulu lebitwako DN3 ~ DN10 kanye ingcindzetelo lebitwako PN1500 ~ PN2000 for polyethylene high-umfutfo idivayisi test lesemkhatsini; Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory lekhicitelwe imboni yetinsimbi I-valve yemoya loshisako lenekushisa lokusetulu lenesayizi lencane ye-DN600 kanye nevalve ye-flue ye-DN900; Ifekthri yeValve yaseDalian, Ifekthri yeValve yaseWafangdian, njll nabo bazuze intfutfuko lesheshako. Kukhula kwetinhlobonhlobo kanye nebuningi bemavalvu kukhutsate kutfutfuka kwemboni yemavalvu. Ikakhulukati ngetidzingo tekwakha temboni ye “Great Leap Forward”, emafemu lamancane nalasemkhatsini emavalvu avele kulo lonkhe lelive. Nga 1958, emabhizinisi ekukhicita emavalvu esive abeneKukhona lokucishe kube likhulu, kwakha licembu lelikhulu lekukhicita emavalvu. Nga 1958, umkhicito wonkhe wema valve wakhuphuka waba ngu 24,163t, kukhula nga 80% ngetulu kwa 1957; Ngalesikhatsi, umkhicito wevalve eveni lami waba nemvuthwandaba wawo wekucala. Kepha, ngenca yekwetfulwa kwebakhiciti bevalve, kwaphindze kwaletsa tinkinga letinyenti. Sibonelo: kulandzelela linani kuphela, hhayi lizinga; “kwenta lokuncane kanye nekwenta tindlela letinkhulu, tendzawo”, kweswelakala kwetimo tebuchwepheshe; umklamo ngesikhatsi wenta, kushoda kwemicondvo lejwayelekile; kopisha futsi kopisha, lokubangela kudideka kwetebucwepheshe. Ngenca yetinchubomgomo tabo letehlukene, ngamunye unesethi yetindlela letehlukene. Emagama emavalvu akafani etindzaweni letehlukene, futsi umfutfo lobitwako kanye nechungechunge lwesayizi lebitwako akufani. Lamanye emafemu abhekisela emazingeni aseSoviet, lamanye abhekisela emazingeni aseJapan, kantsi lamanye abhekisela emazingeni aseMelika naseBrithani. Kudideka kakhulu. Ngekuya kwetinhlobo, kucaciswa, tilinganiso tekuxhumana, budze besakhiwo, timo tekuhlola, emazinga ekuhlola, emamaki epende, letibonakalako kanye nemakhemikhali, kanye nekukala, njll. Simo ngaleso sikhatsi “besisakateke, siphitsitelako, sincane, futsi siphansi”, lokusho kutsi, emafemu emavalvu asakateke yonkhe indzawo, luhlelo lwekulawula lolunesiphitsiphitsi, kungabikhona kwemazinga ebuchwepheshe lahlangene kanye netincazelo, kanye nelizinga lemkhicito leliphansi. Kute kubuyiselwe emuva lesi simo, umbuso uncume kuhlela tisebenti letifanele kutsi tente luhlolo lwekukhicita lwavelonkhe nga 2019.ivalvuimboni.
4. Inhlolovo yekucala yekukhicita emavalvu avelonkhe .
Kute kutfolakale simo sekukhicita emavalvu, nga 1958, iBureaus yekucala neyesitsatfu yeLitiko Lemishini Yekucala yahlela luhlolo lwekukhicita emavalvu lwavelonkhe. Lelicembu leluphenyo laya etigodzini letingu-4 kanye nasemadolobheni lange-24 eNyakatfo-mphumalanga yeShayina, eNyakatfo yeShayina, eMphumalanga yeShayina naseNkhabeni yaseNingizimu yeShayina kute lente luphenyo loluphelele kumafemu lange-90 emavalvu. Lolu luhlolo lwekucala lwevalve eveni lonkhe kusukela kwasungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yebantfu YaseShayina. Ngaleso sikhatsi, loluhlolo lwagcila kubakhiciti bemavalvu ngesikali lesikhulu kanye netinhlobo letinyenti kanye netincazelo, njengeFekthri Yemishini Jikelele yaseShenyang, Ifekthri Yensimbi yaseShenyang Chengfa, Ifekthri Yensimbi yaseSuzhou, kanye neValve yaseDalian. Ifektri, Ifemu Yetintfo Tetinsita Tekusebenta YaseBeijing (leyandulela iFemu Yemavalvu YaseBeijing), Ifemu Yemavalvu YaseWafangdian, Ifemu Yemavalvu YaseChongqing, bakhiciti labanyenti bevalvu eShanghai naseShanghai Emaphayiphi Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kanye 6 facto.
Ngeluphenyo, tinkinga letiyinhloko letikhona ekukhiciteni emavalvu titfolakele ngalokuyinhloko:
1) Kuswelakala kwekuhlela jikelele kanye nekuhlukaniswa lokunengcondvo kwemisebenti, lokuholela ekukhiciteni lokuphindzaphindziwe futsi lokutsintsa likhono lekukhicita.
2) Emazinga emkhicito we-valve awahlangene, lokubangele kungakhululeki lokukhulu ekukhetseni kwemsebentisi kanye nekunakekelwa.
3) Sisekelo sekukala kanye nemsebenti wekuhlola siphuyile kakhulu, futsi kumatima kucinisekisa lizinga lemikhicito yevalve kanye nekukhicita lokukhulu.
Ngekuphendvula letinkinga letingenhla, licembu leluphenyo libeke tinyatselo letintsatfu kutingcweti kanye nema-bureau, letifaka ekhatsi kucinisa kuhlela jikelele, kwehlukaniswa kwemisebenti ngendlela lenengcondvo, kanye nekuhlela ibhalansi yekukhicita nekutsengisa; kucinisa kulinganisa kanye nemsebenti wekuhlola umtimba kanye nemakhemikhali, kwakha emazinga e-valve lahlangene; kanye nekwenta lucwaningo lwekuhlola. 1. Baholi be-3rd Bureau bakutsatsa njengalokubaluleke kakhulu loku. Kwekucala ngca, bagcila emsebentini wekulinganisa. Baphatsisa Sikhungo Selucwaningo Lwebuchwepheshe Bekukhicita Imishini seMnyango Wekucala Wemishini kutsi sihlele bakhiciti bevalvu labafanele kutsi bakhe emazinga etinsita temaphayiphi lakhishwa ngumnyango, lacala kusebenta embonini nga-1961. Ngokutentela". Lizinga letinsita temaphayiphi lelikhishwe ngumnyango liyincenye yekucala yemazinga emavalvu eveni lami, futsi “Imanuwali Yekuklama Emavalvu” idatha yekucala yekwakha emavalvu yebuchwepheshe lehlanganiswe ngitsi, ledlale indzima lenhle ekwenteni ncono lizinga lekuklama imikhicito yemavalvu eveni lami. Ngaloluhlolo lwelive lonkhe, umgogodla wekutfutfukiswa kwemboni yemavalvu eveni lami kuleminyaka lelishumi leyengcile utfolakele, futsi tinyatselo letisebentako naletiphumelelako titsatfwe kute kucedvwe ngalokuphelele kulingisa lokunesiphitsiphitsi kwekukhicita emavalvu kanye nekungabi nemazinga. Buchwepheshe bekukhicita batsatsa sinyatselo lesikhulu phambili futsi bacala kungena esigabeni lesisha sekutiklama kanye nekuhleleka kwekukhicita ngebunyenti.
03 Sifinyeto
Kusukela nga-1949 kuya ku-1959, live lami .ivalvuimboni yasheshe yalulama esiphitsiphitsini saseChina lendzala futsi yacala kucala; kusuka ekugcineni, ekulingiseni kuya ekwenteni wenadesign kanye nekukhicita, kusuka ekukhiciteni emavalvu laphansi ekucindzetelekeni kuya ekukhiciteni emavalvu laphakeme nalasemkhatsini, ekucaleni kwakha imboni yekukhicita emavalvu. Nomakunjalo, ngenca yekutfutfuka lokusheshako kwesivinini sekukhicita, kukhona netinkinga letitsite. Solo kwafakwa eluhlelweni lwavelonkhe, ngaphansi kwekulawula lokusemkhatsini kweLitiko Lekucala Lemishini, imbangela yalenkinga itfolakele ngekuphenya nelucwaningo, futsi tisombululo letisebentako naletiphumelelako kanye netinyatselo titsatfwe kwenta kutsi kukhicitwa kwemavalvu kuhambisane nesivinini sekwakha umnotfo wavelonkhe, kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwemboni yevalvu. Futsi kwakheka kwetinhlangano tetimboni kubeke sisekelo lesihle.
Sikhatsi sekuposa: Julayi-27-2022
